New Public Management And Administrative Philosophy Essay

Introduction: New Public Management is a management philosophy which is used by the government since 1980s to bring up to date the public sectors. Many developed and developing countries are now testing about the applicability of New Public Management in their context. New Public Management is conceived as administrative argument and administrative philosophy (Hood,1991) where these two concepts were fraternal rather than identical twins. The concept of administrative argument and administrative philosophy encompasses same concepts of doctrines and organizational design that are Siamese twins. Administrative arguments are nested systems of ideas concerted with organizational design that can be fragmented with a set of sub argument. Each administrative argument is generally concerted with a broad range of organizational design issue and each sub-argument is concerted with a single issue of organizational design. 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Womens Education in American History Essay Example

Essays on Womens Education in American History Essay The paper "Women’s Education in American History" is a great example of an essay on history. The event that had the most impact on women in American history was the creation of the Constitution after the Revolutionary War occurred. Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams, wrote to her husband to â€Å"remember the ladies . . . [in the new Constitution] because all men would be tyrants if they could† (Akers, 2007, p. ix). Abigail Adams’ letters to her husband are marked as the beginning of American women’s activism for equal rights. While the Founding Fathers did not include women in the Constitution, they did put a heavy burden on women. It was up to women to teach both their sons and daughters republican morals and values. Their sons would eventually become voters and their daughters would teach the next generation of males about the republican type of government. Educating an entire nation about republicanism was left to the women of the nation. Building on the concept of â€Å"Republican Motherhood,† historian, Mercy Otis Warren, and writer, Judith Sargent Murray, advocated for women’s education. At the time of the Revolution, most females had a third-grade education at best. Warren and Murray both supported the idea of giving women a complete education as they were in charge of creating the mindset of the new republic. These women saw education as the key to making women equal to men. In fact, in 1790, Murray wrote that women and men were equal but women lacked formal education (Casper Davies , 2006). Abigail Adams, Warren, and Murray would continue the fight for women’s equal rights using enlightenment philosophy until their deaths. Throughout the 1800s, as the educational system grew in the United States, women’s educational opportunities also developed until women were allowed into colleges. In the latter half of the 1800s, Elizabeth Blackwell entered the University of Michigan and gained her M. D. in the 1860s. Without those pioneering advocates for women’s education, women would not have gained the intellectual independence they did in the 1800s.

Early Music Concert Report free essay sample

Early Music Concert Report A simple, Easter afternoon at the Leo S. Being Theater located In the Los Angles County Museum of Arts made for a perfect time for the members of the Capitol Ensemble to perform music of the classical era. The program consisted of String Trio in B-flat major, D. 471 composed by Franz Schubert and String Quintet in G minor, K. 516 composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.The audience was filled with higher- class individuals and obviously frequent listeners of the Classical Era genre seated awards the front of the theater, and the newcomers, like myself, attended to be graced upon with the beautiful music the past has left for us more in the back of the venue. Although the dress attire was casual, most of the people still dressed slightly with style and formality. The performers were dressed In all black, and some white details. The whole place had a serious ambiance In the air. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Music Concert Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mostly everyone was there to completely enjoy the free concert to Its full extent. The audience could not simply walk In and out of the performing area for It could cause a nuisance for the est. of the people watching, but these people that wished to leave must wait for a piece to be finished, unlike many other regular concerts. The program even recommended for adults with small children to listen to the concert outside of the theater, where speakers and live feed of the concert were provided. The ushers emphasized the point that everyone should be respectful and kind to the performers. If one did not wish of watching the rest of the concert, they should freely leave, but with full and utter respect. With classical concerts, respect seems to be the most appropriate word. Everyone treated each other kindly and considerately. The music of the program flourished throughout the whole theater. The String Trio In B-flat major, D. 471 was shorter than the latter, but the piece was easier to comprehend. The trio only consisted of a violin, a viola, and a cello.The Allegro made the trio much more enjoyable due to its fast, cheerful tempo. Considering it only retains one movement, this part of the concert was much easier to focus on. The way the violin plays the main, complex part and the viola and the cello are playing subtler harmonies make the melody very much enjoyable. Schubert composed the trio in a method where all the instruments can either play in a copycats form in one theme or a cadence motion in another. Although the piece was rather short, it consisted of a full sonata form.String Quintet in G minor, K. 516 composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the longer piece of the production, and the harder one to analyze, considering It consisted of four movements: The Allegro, Monument: Allegretto, Adagio ma non troop, and Adagio-Allegro. The first movement Is the fastest piece of the quintet. The second movement Is supposed to be a minuet In which the tempo Is danceable, UT instead consists a heavy theme. The third movement is a slow, melancholic fourth movement is even slower than the third.Mozart adds a lot of pauses and rests in this certain quintet causing a stark demand with the new notes. There are a lot of twists and unexpected notes that make this quintet enjoyable and unpredictable. Compared to other works like Mozart own Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, in Inch there are three movements of very dramatic themes and much more Instruments, the String Quintet in G Minor contains more content in terms of lariats and themes and its stylistic method of fast tempos. Taking part in a classical concert is wholly another type of experience that a person can have.The way the audience reacts to the music, the way the music is laid out, and merely the vibes in the theater are what differentiates a classical concert from a popular music concert. In a regular concert, one does not have to fully pay attention to the music, but rather enjoy the surface of the melodies. A classical concert takes a lot more work and effort to be fully enjoyed. The next time I will attend such a concert, a full night of sleep and a full stomach will also be attending, making sure that complete concentration is present.

Twilight Tars- A Relationship Came to an End

Question: In his "Stargazing" piece in The New Yorker, Richard Brody uses the breakup of Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson, Bella and Edward of Twilight fame, to explore the public fascination with the private lives of movie stars. What position does Brody take about the intrusive nature of media attention paid to Stewart and Pattinson as well as other famous actors? Is it part of their job, or does he feel it's unwarranted? Do you agree with the argument he makes? Answer: Richard Brody explores the irrelevant, excessive article related to public fascination towards the breakup of the twilight stars in his stargazing. In his article, he broadly classifies the different aspects and reasons behind the public intrusion into the life of twilight fames stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Patti son (North, 2015). He broadly and exclusively made arguments on the excessive attention of media on famous figures. The stardom is the main reason behind the media attention. Where did they go? Where do they eat? With whom are they hanging out? This creates a problem as well as excessive attentions on their private lives. Therefore, Brody critically take related links and goes in-depth research to explore the truth behind the fact. Even this attraction is nothing but distracts the public to irrelevant news. Besides that, it hardens the real life creating minor issues. Some time they got distracted due to this lime light. Media has the authenticity to create or reveal news. However, it should follow some limitations before exploring news related to someones personal life. Covering news is good but that should be relevant (Frison, Vandenbosch, Eggermont, 2012). The breakup news not only makes excessive public attention but also disrupts the stability. This argument is correct to some extent. It means he is correct at some point. However, he is biased regarding the stardom factor at some point. Every person has the right to have his own private life to be away from public appearance. However, the explanation regarding the reasons of these issues is quiet justified. References North, J. (2015). Stardom, Italian Style: Screen Performance and Personality in Italian Cinema by Marcia Landy (review).Film History: An Interdisciplinary Journal,45(1), 108-109. Frison, E., Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S. (2012). An experimental study on the short-term effect of the movie Twilight on adolescent girls self-objectification.status: published.

Social Communication in Nation Building Essay Example

Social Communication in Nation Building Essay The basis of nationality is the sense of belonging to the same nation and the desire on the part of its members to live with each other at this level of community. When the political scientist wants to de fine or locate this subjective sense of community, he has used such objective criteria as common language, common history, common territory, and so forth. It is clear that ail these criteria are an expression of something more basic—shared experience. This shared experience, which may lead to the necessary mutual trust among members of a given society and to the feeling that this group as a group is different from others, contributes continuously to national unity. National unity likewise makes shared experience more possible. To determine the human and geographie frontiers of a nation the political scientist must find ways to examine this shared experience. The problems in the Tiers Monde are greater with regard to such research than they are in Europe because much of the necessary data are not available. Research at very basic levels with some new methods is necessary. Karl W. Deutsch, professor of political science at Yale University, has proposed a quantitative interdisciplinary way to examine shared experience and, indirectly, the sense of community. 1 He suggests that one measure the quantities of communications among a given people to find out how much contact they have. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Communication in Nation Building specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Communication in Nation Building specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Communication in Nation Building specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For this one must use criteria such as flows of letters, telegrams, movement of vehicles, trains, planes, telephone calls, mass media of communication, location of markets, settlement patterns, and population movements, he says. If it is possible to examine these different forms of communication, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called mobilization. People who have intensive communications with each other are mobilized1 for shared experiences and are mobiliz-ed into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called assimilation. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the communication habits of a population become ncreasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] groups peculiar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group woul d differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. 2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable. According to him, the rate of assimilation depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural balances: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these balances are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called mobilization. People who have intensive communications with each other are mobilized1 for shared experiences and are mobiliz-ed into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called assimilation. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the communication habits of a population become increasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] groups peculiar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. 2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessar y. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable. According to him, the rate of assimilation depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural balances: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. 4 The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these balances are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, villages or in the same village. These quantifiable data served as a basis for a study of mobilization. In order to validate conclusions based on the quantitative census data I took a tour of the country during which I visited every region and lived in a few selected villages for periods of three days to a week. In the course of this tour I found that one way to investigate attitudes and assimilation was by oral histories and conceptions of kinship. My use of these histories was different from that of Professor Hubert Deschamps who had made an extensive tour of the country in 1961 to collect and record oral histories as part of a large project to write the history of Gabon. 1 As an historian he was naturally interest-ed in recording the facts of the past. For me, as a political scientist, the truth was irrelevant. I was interested in history as ideology: how were present relationships between tribes justified in the history, what was the place held by neighboring tribes in a given history, how were history and conceptions of kinship infmenced by present settlement patterns. I thought that these two criteria, settlement patterns and histories, could serve as a basis for estimations of trends in assimilation and mobilization and could show the relationship between non-quantifiable attitudes and quantifiable social communications. The following are some of my findings. Mobilization Gabon may be crudely divided into three generai zones of mobilization: places where people are relatively non-mobilized, where they are partially mobilized, and where they are mobilized for intensive contact with people of different ethnie groups. I have called these zones Heartland, Contact, and National. The Heartland Zone is a group of contiguous cantons in which one ethnie group or tribe clearly predominates with at least 80% of the total population. Internai communication is fairly good and may be better than means which link the area with other parts of the country. Contact Zones are on the edges of Heartland Zones; from about 50% to 80% of the people belong to one tribe. Such zones are cantons in which people of different tribes live in adjoining villages or in the same village; or they are centers of attraction such as administrative posts and markets to which people from different Heartlands travel regularly. They are most likely along roads and rivers which provide a link between Heartland Zones. There may be more mechanical means of communication in a Contact Zone than in a Heartland. National Zones are groups of contiguous cantons and large centers of attraction in which no tribe accounts for 50% of the total population. The internai means of communication are best here: they are public, mechanical, and regular. It is usually the one place where most decisions affecting the whole country are made. A. A Heartland. The largest Heartland in Gabon is that of the Fang who account for one-third of the total population of the country. 1 The center of this Heartland orresponds with the administrative region of Woleu-Ntem in the northern half of the country along the Camerounese frontier. The region is relatively isolated from the rest of Gabon but has regular contact with Cameroun and Spanish Guinea by land and water. The only road to Libreville has been in poor condition even during the dry s eason; the rains often close the road completely. While there is regular air and telegraphie communication between Libreville and administrative centers of Woleu-Ntem, there is no regular land transportation. By contrast, fair roads extend into Cameroun and Spanish Guinea where close relatives of the Fang, the Bulu, live. Merchandise is imported along these routes while coffee and cocoa exports leave Woleu-Ntem through the Cameroun. 2 Some Fang take advantage of the road to the Cameroun to attend Camerounese technical schools and go to Camerounese hospitals (particularly a missionary-run hospital not far from the frontier). Radio Cameroun is a popular source of information and entertainment. For 14 of the 16 cantons of Woleu Ntem there is a regular service of autocars which link the administrative centers of the region. For example, two little Renault cars leave Oyem, the administrative capital, every day for each canton except that of Medouneu to the far west and Lalara to the south. There are frequent cars from Oyem or Bitam to Spanish Guinea and Cameroun. Another means of internai communication has been a regional newspaper published by some Fang teachers. In 1962 it contained mainly Fang stories and essays on the true Fang custom. In spite 1. For studies of the Fang see Georges Balandier, Sociologie actuelle de lAfrique Noire, Paris, 1963. P. Alexandre and J. Binet, Le Groupe dit Pahouin, Paris, 1958. James Fernandez, Redistributive Acculturation in Fang Culture, unpublished, Northwestern, 1963. 2. Neither Libreville nor Port-Gentil, which are both on the ocean, have a port which can adequately accomodate large ships. f the great preponderance of Fang in the region, it was printed in French and was issued in only 75 copies. About 55,000 out of a total adult population of 56,500, or 98% are Fang in this region. 1 In the canton of Woleu, for example, there are 5,531 Africans of whom 5,473 are Fang. Non-Fang live in well-defined quarters in the town of Oyem; most of these people are Bulu merchants from southern Cameroun or Bakota who have moved from a neighboring region to work as servants or to attend a Roman Catholic secondary school. While these foreigners move into the Woleu-Ntem, the present Fang residents are fairly stationary. The census indicates that 80% of the men between the ages of 15 and 59 were born in the place the census taker found them. However, only 12% of the women were born in the place they were counted. 2 This does not mean that many Fang have not moved outside the Woleu-Ntem for many have; it means that Fang maies, who still live in the region, have an interest in continuing to live in the village where they were born and that they find wives outside their village. Several women in each of the villages along the Guinea and Cameroun frontiers indicated that they were born in these neighboring states. Contiguous with the Woleu-Ntem are eight cantons which are an extension of the Heartland. The Fang have moved into these particul-ar cantons partly because the ways of communication exist. For example, the administrative region of Ogooue-Ivindo has three cantons adjacent to the Fang Heartland. In two of these cantons the Fang represent 80% or more of the total population and in the third they represent only 2% of the total population. The difference is that the two cantons with high Fang percentages are linked to the Woleu-Ntem by a river and a road while the other has no such link. In the sixteen cantons of Woleu-Ntem plus the eight cantons in adjacent regions which constitute the Heartland there are 70,000 Fang out of a total Fang population in Gabon of 106,000. On the basis of settlement patterns 66% of the Fang are, therefore, non-mobilized. Their contacts are almost exclusively with other Fang. Table I indicates that over half the Gabonese have no contact with people of tribes different from their own. Not ail the tribes of Gabon have Heartlands; of those who do have Heartlands 62% live in them. The total population of the country (14 and older) was approximately 285 000. 3 If the total population 1. Unless otherwise noted ail census figures refer to people 14 and older. 2. Recensement et enquete demographiques ic6o-ic6i: Resultats provisoires ensemble du Gabon, Service de Cooperation de lInstitut National de la Statistique et des Etudes economiques, Paris, 1963, p. 24. 3. Ail the calculations, unless otherwise noted, are my own; they are based

The Growth of Democracy Essays

The Growth of Democracy Essays The Growth of Democracy Essay The Growth of Democracy Essay In 1850, Britain was an undemocratic country. At this time the electoral system divided Boroughs and Counties. Voting qualifications were different in boroughs and constituencies. The vote was only given to men over the age of 21 providing their property was valued at 10 or more, or land was more than 2 per year in rent. Seats were distributed unequally and traditional ruling families usually formed the Cabinet. Furthermore, bribery and corruption were widespread and only the minority of the population were entitled to vote. At this time there was no form of a basic education for the population masses and there was still a lot of power lying within the House Of Lords and not with elected officials. A certain degree of money was necessary to stand for election because this was not a paying job, which, as a result stopped vast numbers of people standing for election because the did not have the finances to support themselves. Nor were they able to afford to stand for election as due t o bribery and corruption, the poor stood no chance of winning as they did not have the money to provide voters with what they wanted in return for their support. For democracy, there needed to be regular elections and although at this time elections were every seven years, this was not often enough. However between 1850 and 1918, progress was made towards Britain becoming a democracy. Now there was better communication and education increasing political interest and this influenced people in trade, industry and finance. Economic changes made people better off and left them wanting to take part in politics, and be represented in parliament. This general desire for the widening of the franchise led to pressure groups forming in 1864. The Extension of the Franchise was helped by the Second Reform Bill passed in 1867. In this act, all householders who paid rates with 12 months residence and all 10 a year lodgers with one years resid

Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistics - Assignment Example (d) The residual for the New York Yankees indicate that there is high error in home attendance prediction for the Yankees. The observed home attendance for the New York Yankees is much higher than predicted value using linear regression model. (a) There appears a non-linear relationship between Human Development Index (HDI) and the number of cell phone subscribers. The relationship between HDI and the number of cell phone subscribers appears to be logistic (similar to exponential) that is increases quickly at first, and than slows down, and than finally reaches at a saturation point. Therefore, fitting a linear model to these data might be misleading. (b) The scatterplot of residuals versus predicted HDI will look like a bend (curved) graph. The errors (residuals) will be positive at start (left) and than drop down in the middle and drop down further (negative) on the right. 3) If that point were removed from the data, the correlation would become weaker (or no correlation). Removing this point there appear no relationship between x and y. This point is far from all other scattered points and thus tries to form a linear relationship and thus increases the