The Impact Of Information Architecture - Free Essay Example

In recent years, as the technology is changing to our society, people are more relying on Internet to find out the solutions for their everyday needs. As some instances, online shopping, learning, processing transactions, watching movies and making easy communications are usual activities today for most of the modern people. In between, there is no doubt about that government related issues are important for the residents or locals and foreigners of the country. There is no way to avoid those transactions if the person is visiting or living in a country and those transactions are also time consuming if try to process manually, for the reasons of travel time, waiting time and other unexpected matters (forgetting of important document and etc). So, governments try to provide the most of the transactions to be able to process via online partly for some of the transactions and some completely. But, there are some difficulties for the expect and the persons who are not familiar with internet so, it is really important to be user friendly and having simple layout in order to be able to use easily by both novice and expert user. In this paper, the studies regarding Information Architecture and Design required to consider when we are to going to develop a user-friendly and good-quality website. I chose the Immigration Checkpoints Authority (ICA) e-government website à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ww.ica.gov.sgà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and made justification the site according to my studies regarding information architecture and design concepts especially usability views. Literature Review There are many different views on information architecture with many different areas. Information architecture is the practice of structuring information (knowledge or data) which are structured according to their context in user interaction or larger databases. Rosenfeld expresses the basic concept of IA as the interlinking of three major components: users (who they are, what their information-seeking behaviors and needs are), content (metadata, volume, formats, structure, and organization), and context (business value, business model, culture, politics, resources and resource constraints). Most of the website are developed emphasize on the userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements and goal. It is essential to consider the information architecture concepts in most of the website in order to let the user with usefulness, usability, efficiency and effectiveness when using the site. While designing the portal site, the first things to think about the target user and user groups and should consider what the user needs, what kind of task are user perform. Moreover, the mental/cognitive aspects should think such as attention (structuring information, use of alert mechanisms and colors,), memory (short-term memory, iconic memory, long-term memory), and the behavioral aspects such as information needs should be well thought-out to match with the usability concepts for the portal website. Furthermore, the interaction design are need to consider in order to let the site is attractive and well-designed especially navigation, search system. Case studies based on ICA website The Immigration Checkpoints Authority (ICA), e-government site, provides many services and functions including issuing of travel documents and identity cards to Singapore citizens and issuing various immigration passes and permits to foreigners. In this site, e-appointment, registration the IC online, applying the studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pass for the foreign student via electronically and more services can be performed via this site. Figure-1 ICA website 1. Focus user group This ICA website targets different user groups such as citizens, permanent residents and visitors of the country (Singapore) and information are placed under the different user groups. 2. User Mental/ Cognitive Aspects 2.1 Perception and Attention In this site, the developer uses the alert mechanisms to grab reader attention for example; there is a flash image in the middle centre of the home page to be attractive to user. As information is presented with ample spaces, and text is legible and distinguishable from the background, so the website can be perceived easier by user. (According to the type of users, patterns are used with consistent text size and different colors to attract the userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s focus). 2.2 Memory Iconic memory In this portal, the images and icons are used in terms of improvement of iconic memory. Short term memory (working memory) mental processing Information is well categorized to support the user short-term memory. So, the user can emphasize on relevant information and do not need to confuse with non-related information. Long term memory knowledge The design supports the long term memory by the recognition of user with using consistent menus, navigation. 3. Interaction design 3.1 Navigation The navigation system is consistent and the global navigation system, persistent navigation, is provided in the whole transaction process. In figure-2, it helps the user navigate the site to find the areas of interest to them and shows users where they are within the site and how to get other page. Furthermore, local navigation uses the within a specific site section, for example,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? visitors service, entry visa, visit pass, studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pass and birth passà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This portal support, breadcrumbs, horizontal list of labels which shows current site location and the path the user go through within this site, and helps user where on website they are and enable user to go back previous page throughout the hierarchical navigation. Breadcrumbs Contextual Navigation Local NavigationFigure-2 3.2 Search Figure -3 This site provides the powerful search feature for the user to find the information which is more desired information of the users. In figure-3, there is search box to find the information and also provide advanced search with the drop down list lets the user chooses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“within this siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“within all government siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Choosing the latter option will help the user to be able to search among all of the Singaporeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s government websites such as Ministry of Health and Ministry of Manpower. 3.3 Categorization In ICA site, there are different categorization for user group and the information and services are categorized for each user group. As an example, a permanent resident can find the related information and services under the category of Permanent Residents. 4. Suggestion for improving site Although the ICA website is nice and user-friendly, still there are some features and technologies to comment perfect. I believe the transactions will be more easier if the website support the user account control feature because a user will only need to fill in their personal information for very first time only and will be stored in the database and later the information will be retrieved when the user login and that data will be able to use for the transactions need. Getting updated is really important in the Information Technology. In addition, very latest technologies will not only help the web-site to be looked well but also provides the new and convenient features such as auto-complete function and real-time announcements. Moreover, the network navigation links which are useful other government siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s links that may be related to this site should be support in this site. The features described above are not the vital features. However, it is really better to have those features than doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have. I believe that implementing those will make the web-site become more and more perfect. Conclusion In conclusion, the government related issues are essential for every country and the government and people turn into use the e-government website for processing their transaction vial online. In between, those websites should have usability and usefulness for both expect and novice user (e.g. ICA website). So, it should be aware to consider the information architecture in designing and developing the website. According to my literature review, I studied a case, ICA website, in the point of usability concepts especially users, the interaction design between user and the system. According to my studies, user can get more satisfaction when using this ICA website than going physically to ICA building and process the transactions manually. I realize that the website will be more usability, effectiveness and efficiency by focusing on my suggestion base on information architecture issues.

Things Are Not as They Appear Essay examples - 875 Words

William Shakespeare wrote in The Merchant of Venice â€Å"All that glitters is not gold; Often have you heard that told.† This quote also rings true in the play Hamlet where nothing is quite as it seems. Behind every person, event, and object seems to be an ulterior motive than what is displayed for all to see. Characters such as Claudius and Hamlet were described to both be extremely secretive individuals who hid their mysterious plans deep within themselves, never revealing their true intent. Also many objects and events within the play were the opposite of what they really were including: the way King Hamlet lost his life, the play within the play, and the attempted murder of Claudius by Hamlet. †¨ Claudius is a manipulative and corrupt†¦show more content†¦Hamlet is much different than what meets the eye as well. In the beginning scenes of the play, Hamlet is approached by the ghost of his deceased father and is commanded to avenge his death. Hamlet pu ts together a plan â€Å"To put an antic disposition on.† By acting crazy, people may say things around him that they otherwise would not and give him clues as to if Claudius was the true murdered of his father. In Act 2, Scene 1, Hamlet frightens Ophelia with his inappropriate intrusion of her room, wearing clothing that would be disgraceful to his royal background. Polonius (Ophelia’s father) thinks he is â€Å"Mad for thy love?† (Act 1, Scene 2, line 85) from Ophelia and has gone mad out of pain of heartbreak. Truthfully, this is just the beginning of Hamlet’s plan and is using this situation to start to make people think he has been driven insane to avenge his father. Later on in the play, Rosencrantz and Gildenstern come to visit Hamlet but are convinced by Claudius to spy on him. Hamlet knows of the conspiracy yet decides to act as if he knows nothing, yet on the inside he is planning a bloody revenge. As Hamlet is being shipped to England to be secretly executed, he rewrites the execution letter to allow Rosencrantz and Gilderstern to face death instead, all with a naive on his face. Near the end of the play, Ophelia goes becomes a shell of herself after being rejected by Hamlet and the death of her father. Hamlet truly didShow MoreRelatedThe Phaedo, One Of Socrates881 Words   |  4 Pagesof imperceptible things prior to our birth, and that through â€Å"recollection† of our pre-birth knowledge of imperceptible things, we are able to perceive certain qualities of things like equality beginning after our birth. Socrates’ argument begins by defining recollection as when someone ‘perceives one thing, knows that thing, and also thinks of another thing of which the knowledge is not the same but different’ (73c). Socrates asks that we consider our perception of equal things, such as sticks andRead MoreSweeney Among the Nightingales1667 Words   |  7 Pagesof the females involved. 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Adhd And Its Effects On Children Essay - 1588 Words

California Has the fastest growing population being diagnosed with ADHD, 60 million children and adults in the U.S. who struggle with learning and attention issues as reported by the National Center of Learning Disabilities. Approximately 5% of school-aged children and adolescents are highly affected. Currently, medication seems to be the first line of treatment for ADHD and there are many side effects that go along with that because it is a stimulant medication. Stimulant medicines do not help with all behaviors and signs of ADHD. ADHD is the most common childhood disorder and is becoming an epidemic problem. This issue becomes important when students are not able to function appropriately in a typical classroom environment. For this population of students, school and life satisfaction severely decreases. Art jewelry as a form of therapy may allow students to decrease or ease the need for ADHD medication, and increase students’ abilities to maintain focus and complete tasks . 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Research has shown medications used to help curb impulsive behavior and attention difficulties are more effective when combined with behavioral therapy

The Bio-Psychosocial Model Of Health And Illness †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Bio-Psychosocial Model Of Health And Illness. Answer: Introduction: The bio-psychosocial model of health and illness is increasingly preferred in todays health care environment, as it helps to determine the social and psychological factors affecting the health of an individual. Currently, there is an increased emphasis on combining biomedical approach with bio-psychosocial model to assess and provide treatment to patients. This is important because many psychological and social factors also affect the biological function of people. Hence, assessment of patient by application of the bio-psychosocial model broadens the scope of examining health issues in clinical practice (Barker et al., 2015). Life span developmental approach is also one process that supports health care professionals to analyze bio-psychosocial aspects of health and illness by looking at development of client throughout their life (Eryilmaz, 2011). This essay utilizes the life span developmental approach to explore the health concerns of Liam, an 11 year old boy and gives an insight into the suitable model of health that is necessary for planningnursing care for patients. It also analyzes the complex social environment and psycho-physiological aspects of health to determine the best intervention for the client. Discussion: Exploring the main person using a lifespan approach: Liam is an 11 year old boy, who has taken admission in Cityview Primary school and is one year older than his classmates. In this essay, life span developmental approach is used to explore the main client, Liam and find out the factors affecting development in the children throughout his life stage. Exploration of Liam using the life span development approach will also help to examine changes or stability in his life or any major affecting his health and development (Cummings, Greene Karraker, 2014). The review of Liams primary school days scenario shows that Liam does not have any groups of friends and he goes home alone. Although he is very cooperative with his teachers, however he seems to struggle with his schooling. Children of Liams age generally get lot of attention from their parent (Spieker et al., 2018). However, the fact that Liam goes to school alone and he has limited supply of books and other necessities also suggest that he has been neglected by his parents. This is also evident from the soiled uniform of Liam by the end of week and his habit of eating only chips or biscuits at lunch time. Hence, it can be said that neglect and poor attention from parents is the reason for poor development of Liam. Parental interaction with children can positively or negatively affect development of children. If parents do not interact with children, then their emotional outcome is affected (Bornstein Bradley, 2014). In case of Liam, it is evident that he has been neglected from h is parents. This has affected his emotional, social and physical development. Liam has not got enough quality time with his parents thus limiting his emotional development and personality too. This proves that quality of parenting has profound impact on health development of children. Spratt et al., (2012) also gives the evidence that children who experience neglect in their early childhood are vulnerable to cognitive, language and behavioral deficits. In addition, by analyzing Liams life from social perspective, it has been found that he does not enjoy the company of any fixed friends. He is also least interested in extra-curricular activities. All these clearly signify that there might be some problem at home for Liam, however he did not give any information about that to his teachers. Another reason for his limited social group is that he has strong body odour and little tendency to engage in extra activities. This limits his opportunity to engage in social gathering and make friends. This shows that Liams behavior is not like that of other child at his age and differences in his personality was the reason for which he was teased by the four boys while playing volley ball. Hence, development of Liam at primary school age suggests that he has not got supportive networks to influence his social development. Poor opportunities for different environmental experiences have affected cognitive development of Liam. This is also understo od from several child development theories like that of Vygotskys. Vygotskys social development theory emphasizes on the social interaction is necessary for development of cognition in children (Culatta, 2013). However, lack of social interaction in Liams life has led to his poor developmental outcomes. From the assessment of Liam according to the life span approach, the main health concern found is that he is vulnerable to health problems like mental health issues and behavioral disorders. This is because when children like Liam do not get adequate environment for development, they are at risk of behavioral problems like anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. As Liam is neglected both at school and at home, it may lead to social isolation and distress in client. Emotional disturbance in Liam is already evident as he does not interact socially with others. His recent fight with four senior grade students also shows his tendency to aggression. Hence, to address the risk of development serious mental health and behavioral disorder in Liam, it is necessary to adapt bio-psychosocial model of health for planningnursing care. Selection of this model is important because complex interaction of social and psycho-social factors has played a role in his negative health and pers onality development. Therefore, bio-psychosocial model will help the nurse to promote health of Liam at biological, psychological and social levels. This will help to take holistic approach towards health and well-being for client (Wade Halligan, 2017). Factors affecting the health decisions and behavior The review of Liams scenario suggests that his health decisions and behavior has been influenced by several factors present in complex social environment. One of the vital factors affecting health decision of Liam is his parents. Lack of Liams interest in maintaining hygiene and keeping his clothes clean suggest that this has occurred because of neglect of the child at home. Lack of parents care has affected his general health habits like keeping himself clean and well-presented in school. Soiled cloth, poor hygiene, bad eating habits and body odor are all signs of child neglect (Geoffroy et al., 2011). Since, all these signs were found in Liams life during his primary school days, it is clear that Liam is also a victim of neglect. From the childs interest and care in hygiene, the level of interest of parents in their childs well being is understood (Loureno, de Lima Saintrain Vieira, 2013). Hence, negative social influences like experiences of child neglect have affected Liams heal th behavior related to hygiene. Liams character also reveals that he is not interested in social get together or engaging in conversation with regular group of friends. He engages in conversation with those people only, who come up to them. This decision making attribute of Liam might be due to the impact of his culture or certain negative social experience. This decision making of Liam is also linked to health related decisions because social connections and engagements is related to good mental health. Social connections give child the opportunity to engage in meaningful activities and learn certain useful things too. For example, when a child engages in group activity with other, they get to build their socio-emotional skills and make good choices about their behavior. Hence, social ties improve health in many ways (Umberson Karas Montez, 2010). In contrast, a child who isolates from social gathering experience worse health outcomes like anxiety, stress and poor self-esteem. The cumulative effect of all such ou tcomes is the diagnosis of depression (Matthews et al., 2016). Hence, social relationship factor is the factor that affects Liams decision making related to good behavior and engagement with people in the community. In addition, experience of inequalities might have also affected his health decisions. This can be said because he has not received appropriate treatment from friends and always remain isolated. His family circumstances might also be a reason for inequality and poor development. Early child hood experience is vital for child development. However, differences in socioeconomic status of families translate to inequalities in child development too (Moore et al., 2015). Psycho-physiological aspects of health For promoting health and well-being in a child, assessing their emotional outcomes is important to understand the link between emotion and health and assess clients capacities for stress management. Emotional response determines the degree to which an individual can manage stress and chronic stress response. For instance, people who have good emotion have good control over their thoughts and feelings. However, those who do have good emotional outcome tend to develop anxiety, stress and sadness. This has adverse effect on psycho-physiological aspects of health. Poor emotional regulation increases risk of mental illness (Hu et al., 2014) In case of Liam, the events which shows his emotional health and psychological health includes high fight with four senior grade school boys. Liam was subjected to unfair treatment and teasing by the students, so he finally lost his control and pushed the boys down to the ground. This emotional response is normal considering the situation in which Liam has to do so. However, he seems to have low emotional development because he is never concerned if people do not talk with him. He seems to enjoy his own space and eats his lunch under the tree. However, only one event that showed his emotions includes the time when he received a soccer ball for his birthday. He developed a great attachment with the gift and has not missed a single day of practice. The soccer ball was also the reason for his friendship with few girls as he played with the same children each day. As Liam has not been too depressed for his small social group or problems at home, this suggests that he has certain psycho-p hysiological deficits during development. This can be said because he seems to have low emotion comprehension. Children above 9 years generally have diverse perspective on the same scenario and they use their reflective skills to show different emotions (Gbel et al., 2016). Hence, inability to satisfy a desire leads to negative feelings in children of Liams age. However, Liam has shown negative emotions very rarely. Children between 9-15 years show intense emotions, however Liams emotions outcomes were different(Raisingchildren.net.au., 2018). Prevention of illness and promotion of health The review of Liams health by means of lifespan approach mainly shows that Liam has socio-emotional problems and poor self-care skills. Although no impact of such issues has been found in his academic performance, however normal development is affected because of negative interaction of social and psychological factors. This is an emerging trend found not only in Liam, but many other children in Australia. About 22% Australian children are developmentally vulnerable and vulnerability on emotional domain increases in 2012 (Aedc.gov.au., 2018). Hence, one intervention that addresses socio-emotional problems and promotes optimal health of Liam includes implementing group based intervention for Liam. Early childhood is associated with social, emotional, physical and cognitive development, however in case of Liam, disruption in these social and emotional functions has been found. To prevent the risk of high risk behavior like violence, substance abuse and depression his future life course , it is necessary to implement groups based interventions for Liam(Communitydirectors.com.au., 2018). This can be done either with parents or with other peers so that issues like social rejection and lack of peer support can be addressed. Group therapy with three to six children of Liams age can be implemented so Liam gets the opportunity to interact with other children. Evidence has shown that children participating in social skills training have high self-esteem and they develop the ability to communicate, solve problem, learn collaboration skills and solve problems too. In addition, conducting group based-activities with parents may help Liam to get a conducive environment to promote behavioral regulation and socio-emotional competence (Shepard Dickstein, 2009). While implementing such group based activities, nurse may also play a role in providing self-care skills training to Liam so that he learns to take care of his basic hygiene needs (Verywell Mind, 2018).Interaction with L iam may also help to identify experience of child abuse in his life to understand whether reporting about the case is necessary to protect the child (aifs.gov.au, 2018). Conclusion: The essay summarized the health concerns and developmental issues present in Liam by using the life span approach. The review of social environment, behavior and psychological aspects of clients health suggests that investigating about psychosocial factors can give many important clues about health and developmental issues in children. Presence of ideal social influence and parental attention is necessary for children. However, as Liam has been found to be experiencing neglect and poor emotional outcomes, it has been proposed to implement group based therapy for Liam so that he develops his decision making skills, social skills and learns to manage life stressors too. References Aedc.gov.au. (2018). Findings from the AEDC. Retrieved 28 February 2018, from https://www.aedc.gov.au/parents/findings-from-the-aedc aifs.gov.au (2018).Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect. Retrieved 28 February 2018, from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/mandatory-reporting-child-abuse-and-neglect Barker, V., Gumley, A., Schwannauer, M., Lawrie, S. M. (2015). An integrated biopsychosocial model of childhood maltreatment and psychosis, Retrieved from: https://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/206/3/177.full Bornstein, M. H., Bradley, R. H. (Eds.). (2014).Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Routledge. Communitydirectors.com.au.. (2018).Communitydirectors.com.au. 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