Dadaism essays

Dadaism essays Dadism is a multiple, anti-art movement resulting from the social and psychological dislocations of World War 1. As a movement Dadaism is important for freeing up artistic expression and forms, as well as for being a generating influence on surrealism. Throughout dadas history there was many different meanings and forms that developed in the four main dada centres. Dada developed firstly in Zurich and New York in 1915 then long after spread to Germany where it had four different centres (Berlin, Hanover and Cologne), and then saw the ends of it in Paris. Even though not expressed in books and so on Dada influenced many other cities and areas. There are many reasons for the differences in the different centres of Dada. The beginning of Dada all began in the Armory show in New York, which was prior to the movement in 1913. It introduced Modernism to the U.S.A. Marcel Duchamps NUDE DESCENDING A STAIRCASE (a cubist and futurism influenced piece) was a sensation. Duchamp was a key figure in the development of Dada. Dada helped give the benefit of the doubt to a totally different concept of art. The Dada movement officially began in 1915 and ended about in 1923. The reason that Dada was an anti-art movement was that a few years prior to the war the Futurist artists of Italy glorified machines and futuristic ideas. The Dadaists believed that if art was apart of the culture and society that created war. Then art was just as much as a influence as anything else, this is why the Dadaist took such a strong anti-art attitude. Duchamp considered Dada as ideas whereas Tristan Tzara thought of it more as a revolutionary act against the normal culture and politics of human existence. This explains the multiple ideas and paths that Dada took over its history. Dada had a great multiplicity of ideas and meanings not only varying in different cities but also within them. Dada is the attitude and the thoughts of the many different artist...

Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Leonardo da Vinci - Research Paper Example This research paper examines Leonardo da Vinci's life. He was born on April 15th, 1452 to Piero da Vinci, a notary, and Caterina, a peasant woman, at the hill town of Vinci, Italy. Even though not much is known about his early life, this has been the topic of historical conjecture In his numerous notebooks, Leonardo struggled with differentiating between the perception and painting of a scene which he summarized as the difference between monocular and binocular vision. Leonardo da Vinci could not create on canvas, in Ames’ terminology, an equivalent of configuration. He may have had little knowledge of ocular anatomy but his use of optics to the eye is spectacular. In addition, Leonardo possessed observational skills that had no match and his ability to generate virtual reality on canvas was without equal. Leonardo da Vinci (1721) noted that even though a painting may be carried out with the best art and finished perfectly, with consideration of its lights, contours, colors, s hadows, it can never show the relief possessed by a natural object unless these qualities are looked at from a distance with a single eye. In other words, the perception of deepness in a painting is not as complete as that of a natural scene seen with both eyes. He struggled for long with the contrast between binocular and monocular vision. In one of his notebooks, Leonardo wrote down how he had to repeat his experiments several times before coming to a conclusion. The reason he gave for this was that the subjects of study were numerous.

Is China going to be the next major city caused the Global warming Essay

Is China going to be the next major city caused the Global warming - Essay Example China’s economic development has been inevitably dependent on the consumption of coal for energy. Energy consumption and economic development, and in turn environmental issues in China have been interrelated. Coal is the main source of energy and burning of coal leads to emission of green house gases. This is what has lead to the negative effects of China’s economic development on global warming. China has surpassed USA as the world’s leading emitter of green house gases (Landsberg, 2011). Globally, there has been a constant increase in the demand for energy. So is the case with China. As the population of China has been increasing so is its demand for energy. Also the economic growth is fuelled by this increase in the demand for energy. Economic growth is driven by industrialization and this leads to higher energy consumption. In china, the industrialization process is relatively young and is expected to grow. This means that the already high energy intensity in China will still increase. Therefore, as the economic growth curve goes upwards so does the energy demand and in turn energy consumption. As mentioned above, China with its huge population consumes enormous energy. This enormous energy consumption is the primary reason behind China’s negative impact on global warming. ... is the emission green house gases). According to Zhang Zhongxiang, China’s GDP will go down by 2% if there is a decrease of 10-20% in the green house gases emission. Also there will be a 1.29% increase in the emission of the green house gases when there is a 51% increase in the per capita income (Yu, 2008). This establishes the theory that China’s economic development has lead to an enormous increase in the emission of green house gases and in turn leading to global warming. Energy demand elasticity is an important factor in analyzing the relation between energy consumption or demand and the economic development. Energy demand elasticity is the ratio of energy demand growth to GDP growth. From 1978 to 2000, China’s energy demand elasticity was less than .5. But from 2001 to 2006 it rose to 1.5. This shows how the rapid economic development is associated with higher energy consumption. Another important evidence of the relationship between China’s economic development and global warming is the fact that the green house gas emissions had gone up 18 times in 1989 when compared to the 1952 emissions and the 2010 emissions is more than double the emissions in 1996. China’s economic development has been pointing upward since the reforms in 1970. Hence, there is a clear connection between economic development and global warming (gas emissions) (Hackett, 1998). Netherlands Environment Assessment Agency’s 2006 report found out that China was now the major contributor to the global greenhouse gas emissions. It has now overtaken USA and is the world’s leading emitter of green house gases with a margin of 8%. 2007 saw a 2.6% growth in the global emissions and China was responsible for

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay Mary Shellys novel is structured in a way, which attempts to give authority to her views. Opening with an authors introduction, and supported with a preface with her famous husband. Mary Shellys novel starts with a series of letters claiming to know the truth of Victor Frankensteins story. This family involvement, followed by professional distancing, reveals the strength of the authors feelings on the responsibilities of family and scientists. For a century and a half, many readers of the Mary Shellys novel Frankenstein have debated over which character could be associated with the expression Monster. Mary Shelly said in the preface the reason why she produced this nineteenth century novel was a ghost story oh! If I could only contrive one which would frighten my reader as I myself had been frightened that night. She wanted her readers to feel the terror that she had dreamed one night. The readers of Mary Shellys novel Frankenstein might believe that the creature is the monster, however there are two potential monsters in the novel. These two characters from the novel are the Creature itself and the creator of the creature, Dr Victor Frankenstein. One candidate who might be believed to be the monster is Dr Victor Frankenstein. At the age of seventeen Victors parents suggested that he should become a student at the university of Ingolstadt. Unfortunately Victors mother passed away while giving birth to his brother. The death of his mother shocked him and caused him to search for ways to extend life. After the death of his mother, Victor took his parents advice and went to university. My departure for Ingolstadt which had been deferred by these events it appeared to me sacrilege so soon to leave the repose, akin to death, of the house of mourning and to rush into the thick if life. This suggests he wasnt sure if it was the respectable move to make, to leave his mourning family behind and go off to university. While at university Victor became fascinated in biology: One of the phenomena, which had peculiarly attracted my attention was the structure of the human frame, and indeed any animal endued with life. Victor was focused to stop death. He was grieving so much because he had lost someone so important and close to him: I thought that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. His fascination with extending life overtook his studying; he became so committed to finding a way, he had set himself a challenge and he was so sure to achieve that challenge. A time in the novel where we are shown that Victor is related as a monster is the time when he begins to dig up the dead and raid graveyards. Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave or tortured I collected bones from charnel-houses secrets of the human frame. This is a sign of immoral, abnormal attitude and is offensive towards the bodies. The definition of a monster is a misshapen animal or plant; person of wickedness; huge animal or thing. The part of the definition where it says a person of wickedness is what should be used to describe Victor Frankenstein. No normal person would dig up the dead and use body parts to make a creation. Another way, in which Victor could be considered as the monster is the way he treated the creature once he had brought it to life. Victor disowned the creature; he refused to acknowledge it and to accept that the creature was his own: For this I had deprived myself of rest ad health. I had desired it with an ardour at length lassitude succeeded to the tumult endeavouring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness but it was in vain. Victor had no intention of caring for the creature, it was as if he was afraid of his own creation. He discards the Creature immediately after its creation, calling it a wretch and leaving it to fend for itself. This shows how irresponsible he is. It is also another example of him neglecting his family, since the Creature sees him as its father. The creature approaches Victor like a baby would to its father: He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. How could Victor abandon the creature, he had no sympathy towards it. The way in which the creature is described when it approaches Victor is just like the way a baby would approach its parents, maybe at this part of the novel, we readers are to feel sympathy for the creature and to consider Victor as the monster for the way he treated the creature, it was his own creation he should of cared for it and been its companion. Victor should of treated the creature like his own child, possibly if he did show care for the creature and not show fear, maybe the creature wouldnt have been so vile because he knew no different. The creature didnt know how to treat or care for other people. So really it wasnt the creatures fault for the deaths caused and for the way in which he treated people because overall he didnt know any different and wasnt taught by Victor how to treat others.

Sherwood Andersons paper Pills: Deception In The Title

Sherwood Anderson's "Paper Pills": Deception In The Title Sherwood Anderson, in the title â€Å"Paper Pills,† tries to persuade us, the readers, in believing the short story is going to be about some kind of drug. Anderson in the other hand turns every thing around to tell us a story about two people falling in-love. The story begins with a description of Doctor Reefy and a brief description of the young woman. Then he tells the reader about the â€Å" twisted apples† (71)that represent doctor Reefy. Anderson begins characterize Doctor Reefy in his opening paragraph. The reader is given some facial and body features of the doctor. The â€Å"... white beard a huge nose and hands† (71) that Anderson puts as a description, making Reefy seem old, ugly, and worn out to the reader. The doctor kept to himself after his wife died. Reefy started smoking a cob pipe and sat in his empty office by a window that he never opened. On a hot summer day the doctor tried to open the window but when the window did not budge, Reefy did not attempt to reopen the dusty window again. Reefy was so devastated about his wife passing away that he did not care about him self for over ten years. The young woman was well off and needs to find a husband to help her take care of the farm that she inherited from her parents. She was tall, dark, and beautiful with lots of money. As the unwanted â€Å"twisted apples† are left on the tree to rotten -- so is Do...

Federal Civil Procedure

I. Personal Jurisdiction – in what state can the P sue the D? a. Two step-analysis i. Satisfy a statute AND ii. Satisfy the constitution (due process) b. In Personam Jurisdiction – jurisdiction over person, not property, b/c of some contact b/t D and forum state i. Statutory Analysis 1. Every state has statutes allowing jurisdiction based on domicile, presence instate when served w/ process, and consent (implied or actual). 2. Long-arm statute ( allows jurisdiction over non-residents ii. Constitutional Analysis (International Shoe) 1. Test ( Does D have â€Å"such minimum contacts w/ the forum so that exercise of jurisdiction does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice† 2. Factors a. Contact – some tie b/t D and forum i. Purposeful Availment – D’s voluntary act 1. i. e. D ships goods into forum state or D uses roads or causes effects in forum state ii. Foreseeability – D would get sued in this forum b. Fairness i. Relatedness – b/t contact and the claim 1. not always necessary to have relatedness if have substantial ties w/ the forum a. i. e. D domiciled there, business there, served w/ process there can be sued in that state under general jurisdiction ii. Convenience – forum ok unless puts D at a severe disadvantage in the litigation iii. State’s interest – provide forum for its citizens TIP: My parents frequently forgot to read childrens’ stories M – minimum contacts P – purposeful availment F – foreseeability F – fairness R – relatedness C – convenience S – state’s interest II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction – in what court? Federal courts only hear two types of cases: diversity of citizenship and federal question a. Diversity of Citizenship Cases i. Citizens of different states 1. Complete diversity rule ( no diversity if ANY P is a citizen of the same state as any D, at the time the case is filed 2. Citizenship a. Human – can only have one place of citizenship i. Domicile – 1. presence instate AND 2. subjective intent to make permanent home b. Corporation – can have more than one place of citizenship i. State where incorporated AND ii. One state principal place of business 1. Only one PPB a. Headquarters OR i. Most use this to designate unless all activity is in one state b. Most production or service activity c. Un-incorporated associations i. Use citizenship of ALL ITS MEMBERS d. Decedents, minors, incompetents i. Look to their citizenship NOT the representative’s citizenship ii. Amount in controversy – good faith allegation the claim in the complaint exceeds $75,000. 00, exclusive of interest and costs 1. Aggregation – adding together two or more claims to meet amount in controversy requirement a. Need one P and one D b. Joint tortfeasors – use total value of claim, irrelevant of the # of parties 2. Equitable Relief – if either test met, then it’s OK a. P’s viewpoint: does injunction cover loss of value by more than $75k? OR b. D’s viewpoint: would it cost D more than $75k to comply w/ the injunction b. Federal Question – claim â€Å"arises under† federal law c. Supplemental Jurisdiction – no federal jurisdiction b/c no diversity or FQ, BUT may still be able to get into federal court i. Test 1. common nucleus of operative fact – arise out of same transaction or occurrence as underlying claim ii. Limitation 1. can not use to overcome lack of diversity in a diversity of citizenship case BUT 2. Can use to overcome lack of diversity in a FQ case 3. Can use to overcome amount in controversy in diversity cases d. Removal – allows D’s to have case filed in state court â€Å"removed† to federal court i. What cases? – if case could be heard in federal court ii. Where? – ONLY to the federal district court embracing the state court iii. When? – no later than 30 days after service of the first removable document e. Erie Doctrine III. Venue IV. Service of Process V. Pleadings VI. Joinder of Parties VII. Discovery VIII. Pretrial Adjudication IX. Conferences and Meetings X. Trial, Judgment and Post-trial Motions XI. Appeal XII. Claim and Issue Preclusion

Important Historical Figures